Human Metapneumovirus Cases Rising in India: 10-Month-Old Diagnosed in Assam
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) has surfaced as a growing concern in India, marking its presence across several states including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. The latest addition to this list is Assam, where a 10-month-old infant has been diagnosed with HMPV. This development raises attention towards the virus’s spread and its impact on vulnerable populations.
HMPV Diagnosis in Assam: A Detailed Case Study
A 10-month-old child from Assam’s Dibrugarh district was recently admitted to Assam Medical College and Hospital (AMCH) with symptoms resembling the common cold. According to Dr. Dhrubajyoti Bhuiya, the superintendent at AMCH, the child presented with typical respiratory symptoms like cold and cough. Following routine testing, the infection was confirmed as HMPV by the ICMR-RMRC in Lahowal.
Current Condition and Medical Response
The infant’s condition is currently stable, and medical authorities assure that there is no immediate cause for alarm. The case has been treated as a part of regular influenza and flu monitoring activities conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Dr. Bhuiya has emphasized that despite the virus’s detection, it is manageable, and such cases have been seen before.
Historical Context of HMPV in Dibrugarh
Senior scientist Dr. Biswajit Borkakoti from the Regional Medical Research Centre, Lahowal, highlights that Dibrugarh has recorded 110 HMPV cases since 2014. This case marks the first occurrence in the current season, suggesting a recurring seasonal pattern rather than an outbreak.
Understanding Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)
Identified in 2001 by Dutch scientists, Human Metapneumovirus belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. It primarily affects the respiratory system and spreads through airborne droplets when infected individuals cough or sneeze. Studies suggest that HMPV has been present globally for decades, affecting both young children and immunocompromised individuals.
Symptoms and Transmission Dynamics
Typical Symptoms of HMPV
HMPV infections usually present with symptoms such as:
- Cold and Cough
- Fever
- Nasal Congestion
- Wheezing and Stridor in severe cases
Severe infections can lead to bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lungs) and pneumonia (fluid in the lungs), necessitating hospital care.
Modes of Transmission
HMPV spreads similarly to other respiratory viruses, through close contact with infected individuals or by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face. Maintaining proper hygiene, such as regular hand washing and mask usage, can mitigate the risk of transmission.
Vulnerable Populations: Who is at Risk?
HMPV primarily targets:
- Young Children: They are most susceptible due to their developing immune systems.
- Immunocompromised Individuals: Those with weakened immune defenses, including people with chronic illnesses or undergoing treatments like chemotherapy, are at increased risk.
Comparing HMPV with Other Respiratory Viruses
Distinguishing from COVID-19 and Influenza
HMPV symptoms can closely mimic those of COVID-19 and influenza, making diagnosis challenging without specific tests. Unlike the pandemic spread of COVID-19, HMPV infections have largely remained seasonal, although instances of year-round cases have been reported.
Duration of Illness
In typical cases, HMPV symptoms last between three to five days. Severe cases, especially in vulnerable groups, may require extended medical attention and hospital stays.
Global Impact of Human Metapneumovirus
HMPV has been detected in numerous countries including the Netherlands, the UK, Finland, Australia, Canada, the USA, and China. In 2023, several cases were reported globally, reflecting its widespread presence. Preventive measures such as wearing masks, regular hand washing, and maintaining a strong immune system are recommended by health experts to reduce the risk of infection.
Expert Opinions on Prevention
Dr. Li Tongzeng, a leading physician at Beijing’s Capital Medical University, emphasizes the importance of hygiene practices. According to him, consistent use of masks, thorough hand hygiene, and a focus on immune health are effective strategies to combat HMPV.
