The proposed construction of the world’s largest dam by China on the Brahmaputra River in Tibet has sparked significant concerns in India, particularly in Assam. This ambitious project, hailed as one of the largest infrastructure undertakings globally, poses severe ecological, economic, and geopolitical challenges for downstream regions, including India and Bangladesh. Assam’s Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma has expressed grave apprehensions over the dam’s potential repercussions on the river’s ecosystem and the livelihoods dependent on it.
The Strategic Significance of the Brahmaputra River
The Brahmaputra River, known as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, originates from the glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau and flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam before merging into the Bay of Bengal via Bangladesh. This transboundary river is a lifeline for millions, supporting agriculture, fisheries, and hydropower generation while playing a critical role in maintaining regional biodiversity.
China’s decision to construct the dam near the Indian border has raised alarm bells due to the potential disruptions in the natural flow of the river. Experts warn that the dam could reduce water availability in Assam and downstream regions, threatening both the ecological balance and the livelihoods of millions.
Environmental Concerns: A Looming Threat
Chief Minister Sarma has articulated concerns that the dam could significantly alter the Brahmaputra’s ecosystem. He emphasized the risks of the riverbed drying up, which could weaken the entire river system. This issue has been brought to the attention of India’s central government, which has reportedly conveyed its objections to China.
Impact on Assam’s Ecosystem
- Water Scarcity: Reduced water flow due to the dam could exacerbate water scarcity in Assam, affecting agriculture and drinking water supplies.
- Loss of Biodiversity: The Brahmaputra River supports diverse flora and fauna. Any alteration to its natural flow could threaten this rich biodiversity, including endangered species like the Gangetic dolphin.
- Increased Flood Risks: During monsoons, sudden releases of water from the dam could lead to flash floods, devastating local communities and infrastructure.
Geopolitical Implications and India’s Stance
India and Bangladesh share deep concerns about the dam’s impact. The project is seen as a move by China to exert control over water resources in the region, creating a potential strategic vulnerability for downstream nations.
India’s Diplomatic Efforts
The Indian government has actively raised the issue at international forums and with Chinese authorities. Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister Pema Khandu has also urged the central government to take swift action. Collaborative efforts between India and Bangladesh are underway to address these shared concerns and ensure the equitable distribution of river water.
The Role of International Law
Transboundary rivers like the Brahmaputra are governed by international water-sharing agreements. However, China’s refusal to sign such treaties complicates the situation, leaving downstream countries with limited options to address unilateral actions.
Bangladesh’s Perspective: A Shared Concern
As the Brahmaputra flows into Bangladesh, the downstream nation faces similar challenges. Reduced water flow and the potential for sudden floods due to dam operations could disrupt agriculture and fisheries, both vital to Bangladesh’s economy. This shared vulnerability has strengthened Indo-Bangladeshi collaboration to counteract the dam’s adverse effects.
Migration and Labor Dynamics: A Parallel Issue
While addressing the dam’s implications, Chief Minister Sarma highlighted another pressing issue: the influx of migrant workers from Bangladesh into Tamil Nadu’s textile sector. He alleged that Bangladeshi workers, predominantly from the Muslim-majority community, are entering India due to the deteriorating condition of the garment industry in their home country.
Tamil Nadu’s Textile Industry and Its Role
The booming textile industry in Tamil Nadu has created a demand for cheap labor. According to Sarma, many of these migrants are being encouraged by local industry owners seeking low-cost labor. This trend has sparked debates about border security and the socio-economic implications of illegal immigration.
Challenges Faced by Bangladeshi Hindus
Sarma also highlighted the plight of Hindus in Bangladesh, stating that their declining migration to India may stem from their patriotism despite facing persecution.
