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इस वर्ष दिसम्बर में कोपेनहेगन में होने वाला सम्मेलन एक महत्वपूर्ण घटना है, क्योंकि इसके निष्कर्षों पर 2012 में समाप्त होने वाले क्योतो समझौते का स्थान लेने वाले नये समझौते का भविष्य निर्भर करता है । नया समझौता हर हाल में 2010 के अंत तक तैयार हो जाना चाहिए ताकि पहली जनवरी, 2013 से लागू होने वाले समझौते पर सभी राष्ट्रों द्वारा पुष्टि के लिए दो वर्ष का समय छोड़ा जा सके ।
पिछले एक महीने के दौरान एक के बाद दूसरा अंतरराष्ट्रीय सम्मेलन आयोजित किये जाने के बावजूद अभी तक कोई स्पष्ट तस्वीर उभर कर नहीं आई है । इस प्रकार का पहला अंतरराष्ट्रीय सम्मेलन संयुक्त राष्ट्र महासचिव द्वारा न्यूयार्क में, दूसरा जी-20 का पिट्सबर्ग में और इस बार बैंकाक में यह अंतरराष्ट्रीय सम्मेलन आयोजित किया गया है।
मुख्य समस्या विकसित और विकासशील देशों के बीच जलवायु परिवर्तन के मामले पर एक-दूसरे के साथ विचार न मिलने की है । जहां एक ओर विकसित देश चाहते हैं कि विकासशील देश ग्रीनहाउस गैस उत्सर्जन (जीजीई) पर रोक लगायें, वहीं दूसरी ओर उभरती हुई अर्थव्यवस्थाएं या विकासशील देश विकसित देशों से चाहते हैं कि वे ग्रीनहाउस गैस उत्सर्जन में अधिक कटौतियां स्वीकार करने के अलावा अनुकूलन तथा उपशमन कार्यक्रमों के लिए वित्तीय सहायता के साथ-साथ प्रौद्योगिकी हस्तांतरण भी करें । विकसित देश अभी तक इन दोनों मुद्दों पर विफल रहे हैं ।
भारत ने यह पूरी तरह स्पष्ट कर दिया है कि वह ग्रीनहाउस गैस उत्सर्जन पर सशर्त प्रतिबंध स्वीकार नहीं कर सकता तथापि वह जलवायु परिवर्तन के मामले से निपटने के लिए अन्य देशों के साथ सहयोग करने को तैयार है । वास्तव में उसने जलवायु परिवर्तन पर राष्ट्रीय कार्य योजना पहले ही 30 जून, 2008 को जारी कर दी थी । इसमें आठ प्रमुख राष्ट्रीय मिशनों का गठन किया गया है जो जीवाश्म आधारित ऊर्जा विकल्प की अपेक्षा बिजली उत्पादन के लिए सौर ऊर्जा को बढावा देंगे । इसमें कम से कम 1000 मेगावाट और तापीय बिजली उत्पादन के लक्ष्य का उल्लेख किया गया है । 2012 तक अन्य 10,000 मेगावाट बिजली की अग्रिम ऊर्जा कुशलता मिशन के जरिये बचत की जाएगी । निर्धारित लक्ष्यों में 60 लाख हेक्टेयर अवक्रमित वन भूमि में वन रोपण और मौजूदा वन क्षेत्र को 23 प्रतिशत से बढाक़र 33 प्रतिशत करना शामिल है । नये जलवायु विज्ञान अनुसंधान कोष का गठन, जैव विविधता, जल प्रयोग कुशलता में सुधार और टिकाऊ कृषि जलवायु परिवर्तन को रोकने में काफी सहायक होंगे । अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण बात यह है कि इस योजना के अंतर्गत इस बात की वचनबध्दता को स्वीकारा गया है कि भारत विकासात्मक लक्ष्यों की प्राप्ति का प्रयास करते हुए इस बात का ध्यान रखेगा कि भारत का प्रति व्यक्ति ग्रीन हाउस गैस उत्सर्जन विकसित देशों के प्रति व्यक्ति ग्रीन हाउस गैस उत्सर्जन से किसी भी सूरत में अधिक नहीं होगा । इस प्रकार यह वचनबध्दता उच्च आर्थिक विकास बनाए रखने के साथ-साथ जलवायु परिवर्तन के मामलों से निपटने को प्राथमिकता देने में भी सहायक होगी ।
भारत का 2050 तक आणविक ऊर्जा से 4,70,000 मेगावाट बिजली तैयार करने का भी लक्ष्य है । जलवायु परिवर्तन के प्रभाव इतने भयंकर हैं कि कोई भी देश इनसे अछूता नहीं रह सकता । हिमालय की बर्फ पिघल रही है, समुद्र का स्तर ऊंचा हो रहा है और पृथ्वी का तापमान बढ रहा है । इसी प्रकार बाढ, सूखे, बीमारी, कुपोषण और अकाल पड़ने के खतरे बने हुए हैं । ओजोन की क्षीणता से होने वाले पराबैंगनी विकिरण के हानिकारक परिणामों से बच्चे सबसे अधिक प्रभावित होंगे ।
इस पृष्ठभूमि में कोपेनहेगन में किसी समझौते पर न पहुंच पाना अनर्थकारी सिध्द हो सकता है । भारत का प्रति व्यक्ति ग्रीनहाउस गैस उत्सर्जन 1.1 टन प्रति वर्ष है जबकि अमरीका में 20 टन और यूरोपीय संघ में 10 टन है । चीन और अमरीका विश्व के ग्रीन हाउस गैस का 20-20 प्रतिशत उत्सर्जन करते हैं और तीसरे नम्बर पर यूरोपीय संघ 14 प्रतिशत उत्सर्जन करता है, जबकि भारत और रूस मात्र पांच-पांच प्रतिशत ग्रीन हाउस गैस उत्सर्जन करते हैं ।
संयुक्त राष्ट्र जलवायु पैनल का कहना है कि ग्लोबल वार्मिंग को सीमित करने के लिए उत्सर्जन के जो स्तर 1990 में थे उनमें 2020 तक 25 से 40 प्रतिशत कटौती करने की आवश्यकता है । विकसित देश इस समय जो सोच रहे हैं यह उससे कहीं बहुत अधिक है ।
वैज्ञानिकों का कहना है कि यदि जलवायु परिवर्तन के प्रभावों को कम करना है तो विश्व के तापमान में वृध्दि 2021 तक औद्योगिक काल से पूर्व के तापमान से 2 प्रतिशत से अधिक नहीं होनी चाहिए । इस मुख्य कारण को देखते हुए कोपेनहेगन सम्मेलन में इन चुनौतियों का पूरी तरह समाधान करना बहुत जरूरी है ।
विकसित देशों की जिम्मेदारी है कि वे उसके पर्याप्त उपाय करें क्योंकि वे दो शताब्दियों से अधिक समय तक औद्योगिकीकरण और विकास का भरपूर आनन्द उठाते रहे हैं । इसके साथ-साथ विकासशील देशों को भी इस जिम्मेदारी में हिस्सा बंटाना होगा क्योंकि ग्लोबल वार्मिंग के सामने कोई भौगोलिक सीमाएं नहीं हैं । समृध्द देशों को हर वर्ष लगभग 150 अरब डालर देने चाहिए जो विकासशील देशों द्वारा अनुकूलन और प्रशमन कार्यों पर खर्च किये जाएंगे । गरीब देशों की विकासात्मक आवश्यकताओं को देखते हुए विकसित देशों को ग्रीनहाउस गैस उत्सर्जन में बड़े पैमाने पर मात्रात्मक कटौती की जिम्मेदारी भी स्वीकार करनी चाहिए ।
यह जानकारी उत्साहवर्धक है कि चीन ने इस चुनौती से निपटने में शेष विश्व के साथ सहयोग करना स्वीकार कर लिया है हालांकि उसने कमी लाने के स्तरों का परिमाण अभी निर्धारित नहीं किया है । अमरीका ने भी गरीब देशों के लिए अभी कोई वित्तीय वचनबध्दता तथा अपने यहां के कानूनी प्रावधानों के बारे में विशेष रूप से उल्लेख नहीं किया है । जापान के नये प्रधानमंत्री ने उत्सर्जन में 25 प्रतिशत तक कमी करने की इच्छा व्यक्त की है बशर्ते कि अन्य देश भी ऐसा करें ।
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СпаÑибо, Ð¸Ð½Ñ„Ð¾Ñ€Ð¼Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ‡ÐµÐ½ÑŒ интереÑнаÑ.)
Hi, I can’t understand how to add your site in my rss reader. Can you Help me, please 🙂
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Читал и плакал…) Такого нарошно не придумаешь.
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СпаÑибо за информацию.
Ðе Ñразу понÑл, в чем дело. Ðо перечитав, вÑе Ñтало понÑтно. )
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This is a good piece of content, I was wondering if I could use this posting on my website, I will link it back to your website though. If this is a problem please let me know and I will take it down right away.
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This is a good blog post, I was wondering if I could use this summary on my website, I will link it back to your website though. If this is a problem please let me know and I will take it down right away.
Мега Ñупер-пупер новоÑÑ‚ÑŒ!
Толково изложено, ÑпаÑибо:)
СоглаÑен. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñайте, к примеру, обÑуждаютÑÑ Ð¿Ñ€Ð°ÐºÑ‚Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑки вÑе ÑиÑтемы и Ñамое разные программные продукты.
Очень понравилоÑÑŒ, ÑпаÑибо:)
Получил море удовольÑтвиÑ, ÑпаÑибо:)
Ðтого-то мне и не хватало, ÑпаÑибо:)
Очень доÑтупно, мне понравилоÑÑŒ:)
Прочитал, понравилоÑÑŒ. Биг ÑенкÑ)
СпаÑибо автору за проделанный труд:)
Отлично Ñказано!:)
Отлично! Поддерживаю автора. )
И здеÑÑŒ тоже не нашел ответа. (
Да, информацию полезную найти не трудно, а хорошего друга – практичеÑки нереально. (